Motivation
AO
[i] Hansen, James; Reto Ruedy, Makiko Sato, Ken Lo (2009). “If It’s That Warm. How Come It’s So Damned Cold?”. Doi:10.1.1.183.2305.
QBO
[i] “The quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO)”, Baldwin, M.P., Gray, L.J., et al. 2001, Reviews of Geophysics, Volume 39, Issue 2, 179-229
AO
[i] Hansen, James; Reto Ruedy, Makiko Sato, Ken Lo (2009). “If It’s That Warm. How Come It’s So Damned Cold?”. Doi:10.1.1.183.2305.
QBO
[i] “The quasi-biennial oscillation(QBO)”, Baldwin, M.P., Gray, L.J., et al. 2001, Reviews of Geophysics, Volume 39, Issue 2, 179-229
Definition
[i] "Climate glossary - Southern Oscilliation Index (SOI)". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) 2002-04-03. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
[ii] Pidwirny, Michael (2006-02-02). "Chapter 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere". Fundamentals of Physical Geography. physicalgeography.net. Retrieved
2006-12-30
[iii] "Envisat watches for La Niña". BNSC via the Internet Wayback Machine. 2011-01-09. Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved
2007-07-26.
[iv] "The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array: Gathering Data to Predict El Niño". Celebrating 200 Years. NOAA. 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
[v] "Ocean Surface Topography". Oceanography 101. JPL. 2006-07-05. Retrieved 2007-07-26. "Annual Sea Level Data Summary Report July 2005 - June 2006"
[vi] Climate Prediction Center. Average October-December (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
[vii] Climate Prediction Center. Average December-February (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
[i] "Climate glossary - Southern Oscilliation Index (SOI)". Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) 2002-04-03. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
[ii] Pidwirny, Michael (2006-02-02). "Chapter 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere". Fundamentals of Physical Geography. physicalgeography.net. Retrieved
2006-12-30
[iii] "Envisat watches for La Niña". BNSC via the Internet Wayback Machine. 2011-01-09. Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved
2007-07-26.
[iv] "The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array: Gathering Data to Predict El Niño". Celebrating 200 Years. NOAA. 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
[v] "Ocean Surface Topography". Oceanography 101. JPL. 2006-07-05. Retrieved 2007-07-26. "Annual Sea Level Data Summary Report July 2005 - June 2006"
[vi] Climate Prediction Center. Average October-December (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
[vii] Climate Prediction Center. Average December-February (3-month) Temperature Rankings During ENSO Events. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
Relation with Global warming
[i] Forster, P., et al. (2007), Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., pp. 129–234, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
[ii] Crutzen, P. J (1970), The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content, Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc., 96(408), 320–325
[iii] Ravishankara, A. R., J. S. Daniel, and R. W. Portmann (2009), Nitrous oxide (N2O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century, Science, 326(5949), 123–125.
[iv] Davidson, E. A (2009), The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860, Nature Geosci., 2(9), 659–662.
[v] Werner, C., R. Kiese, and K. Butterbach-Bahl (2007), Soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O, CH4, and CO2 and controlling environmental factors for tropical rain forest sites in western Kenya, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03308.
[vi] Khalil, M. A. K., R. A. Rasmussen, and M. J. Shearer (2002), Atmospheric nitrous oxide: Patterns of global change during recent decades and centuries, Chemosphere, 47(8), 807–821.
[vii] Hirsch, A. I., A. M. Michalak, L. M. Bruhwiler, W. Peters, E. J. Dlugokencky, and P. P. Tans (2006), Inverse modeling estimates of the global nitrous oxide surface flux from 1998–2001, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB1008.
[viii] Nevison, C. D., N.M.Mahowald, R. F.Weiss, and R. G. Prinn (2007), Interannual and seasonal variability in atmospheric N2O, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB3017.
[iv], [x] Saikawa, E., C. A. Schlosser, and R. G. Prinn (2013), Global modeling of soil nitrous oxide emissions from natural processes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 27, 972–989.
[xi] Timmermann A, Oberhuber J, Bacher A, Esch M, Latif M and Roeckner E (1999) Increased El Nino frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature, 3989, 694–697.
[i] Forster, P., et al. (2007), Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., pp. 129–234, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
[ii] Crutzen, P. J (1970), The influence of nitrogen oxides on the atmospheric ozone content, Q. J. R. Meteorolog. Soc., 96(408), 320–325
[iii] Ravishankara, A. R., J. S. Daniel, and R. W. Portmann (2009), Nitrous oxide (N2O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century, Science, 326(5949), 123–125.
[iv] Davidson, E. A (2009), The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860, Nature Geosci., 2(9), 659–662.
[v] Werner, C., R. Kiese, and K. Butterbach-Bahl (2007), Soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O, CH4, and CO2 and controlling environmental factors for tropical rain forest sites in western Kenya, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03308.
[vi] Khalil, M. A. K., R. A. Rasmussen, and M. J. Shearer (2002), Atmospheric nitrous oxide: Patterns of global change during recent decades and centuries, Chemosphere, 47(8), 807–821.
[vii] Hirsch, A. I., A. M. Michalak, L. M. Bruhwiler, W. Peters, E. J. Dlugokencky, and P. P. Tans (2006), Inverse modeling estimates of the global nitrous oxide surface flux from 1998–2001, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20, GB1008.
[viii] Nevison, C. D., N.M.Mahowald, R. F.Weiss, and R. G. Prinn (2007), Interannual and seasonal variability in atmospheric N2O, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB3017.
[iv], [x] Saikawa, E., C. A. Schlosser, and R. G. Prinn (2013), Global modeling of soil nitrous oxide emissions from natural processes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 27, 972–989.
[xi] Timmermann A, Oberhuber J, Bacher A, Esch M, Latif M and Roeckner E (1999) Increased El Nino frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature, 3989, 694–697.
Impacts
[i], [ii], [viii], [ix], [x] Kovats, R. S., Bouma, M. J., & Haines, A. (1999). Protection of the Human Environment: El Nino and Health. Task Force on Climate and Health. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
[iv], [v], [vi],,,Bouma MJ, Kovats S, Goubet SA, Cox J and Haines A (1997a) Global assessment of El Niño's disaster burden. Lancet, 350, 1435–1438.
[iii], [vii],,Dilley M and Heyman B (1995) ENSO and disaster: droughts, floods, and El Niño/Southern Oscillation warm events. Disasters, 19, 181–193.
[i], [ii], [viii], [ix], [x] Kovats, R. S., Bouma, M. J., & Haines, A. (1999). Protection of the Human Environment: El Nino and Health. Task Force on Climate and Health. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
[iv], [v], [vi],,,Bouma MJ, Kovats S, Goubet SA, Cox J and Haines A (1997a) Global assessment of El Niño's disaster burden. Lancet, 350, 1435–1438.
[iii], [vii],,Dilley M and Heyman B (1995) ENSO and disaster: droughts, floods, and El Niño/Southern Oscillation warm events. Disasters, 19, 181–193.